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<title>Operation Spring</title>

Operation Spring

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Operation_Spring_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Operation Spring (disambiguation)">Operation Spring (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Operation Spring</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a>, <a href="Battle_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Normandy">Battle of Normandy</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"> Operation Spring</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>July 25–27, 1944</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Verrières Ridge (5 mi (8.0 km) south of <a href="Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>), France</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status">

German victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

<a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

<a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

<a href="Canada" title="Canada"></a> <a href="Guy_Simonds" title="Guy Simonds">Guy Simonds</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

<a href="Josef_Dietrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Dietrich">Josef Dietrich</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

2 infantry divisions 2 armoured divisions 1 armoured brigade</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

Parts of 3 panzer divisions 1 depleted infantry division Parts of two Tiger battalions</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

450 killed 1,100 wounded</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

Unknown</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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</style><div id="Operation_Overlord(Battle_of_Normandy)8449" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a> (Battle of Normandy)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Prelude

<ul><li><a href="Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Bodyguard</a>

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Fortitude" title="Operation Fortitude">Fortitude</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Zeppelin_(deception_plan)" title="Operation Zeppelin (deception plan)">Zeppelin</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Titanic" title="Operation Titanic">Titanic</a></li>

<li><a href="D-Day_naval_deceptions" title="D-Day naval deceptions">Taxable, Glimmer & Big Drum</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Combined Bomber Offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Pointblank_directive" title="Pointblank directive">Pointblank</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_Plan" title="Transport Plan">Transport Plan</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Postage_Able" title="Operation Postage Able">Postage Able</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Tarbrush" title="Operation Tarbrush">Tarbrush</a></li>

<li><a href="Exercise_Tiger" title="Exercise Tiger">Tiger</a></li>

<li><a href="Exercise_Fabius" title="Exercise Fabius">Fabius</a></li></ul>

Airborne assault British Sector

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Tonga" title="Operation Tonga">Tonga</a>

<ul><li><a href="Capture_of_the_Caen_canal_and_Orne_river_bridges" title="Capture of the Caen canal and Orne river bridges">Caen canal and Orne river bridges</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Merville_Gun_Battery" title="Battle of Merville Gun Battery">Merville Battery</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Mallard" title="Operation Mallard">Mallard</a></li></ul>

<a href="American_airborne_landings_in_Normandy" title="American airborne landings in Normandy">American Sector</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mission_Albany" title="Mission Albany">Albany</a></li>

<li><a href="Mission_Boston" title="Mission Boston">Boston</a></li>

<li><a href="Mission_Chicago" title="Mission Chicago">Chicago</a></li>

<li><a href="Mission_Detroit" title="Mission Detroit">Detroit</a></li>

<li><a href="Mission_Elmira" title="Mission Elmira">Elmira</a></li></ul>

<a href="Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> American Sector

<ul><li><a href="Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha</a></li>

<li><a href="Pointe_du_Hoc" title="Pointe du Hoc">Pointe du Hoc</a></li></ul>

Anglo-Canadian Sector

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Gambit" title="Operation Gambit">Gambit</a></li>

<li><a href="Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Port-en-Bessin" title="Battle of Port-en-Bessin">Port-en-Bessin</a></li></ul>

Logistics

<ul><li><a href="American_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="American logistics in the Normandy campaign">American</a>

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Chastity" title="Operation Chastity">Operation Chastity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="British_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="British logistics in the Normandy campaign">British</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Pluto" title="Operation Pluto">Pluto</a></li></ul></li></ul>

Ground campaign American Sector

<ul><li><a href="Br%C3%A9court_Manor_Assault" title="Brécourt Manor Assault">Brécourt Manor</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Graignes" title="Battle of Graignes">Graignes</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_La_Haye-du-Puits" title="Battle of La Haye-du-Puits">La Haye-du-Puits</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Saint-L%C3%B4" title="Battle of Saint-Lô">Saint-Lô</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Carentan" title="Battle of Carentan">Carentan</a>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bombardment_of_Cherbourg" title="Bombardment of Cherbourg">Naval</a></li></ul></li></ul>

Anglo-Canadian Sector

<li><a href="Battle_of_Br%C3%A9ville" title="Battle of Bréville">Bréville</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Perch" title="Operation Perch">Perch</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Villers-Bocage" title="Battle of Villers-Bocage">Villers-Bocage</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Le_Mesnil-Patry" title="Battle of Le Mesnil-Patry">Le Mesnil-Patry</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Normandy_massacres" title="Normandy massacres">Normandy massacres</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ardenne_Abbey_massacre" title="Ardenne Abbey massacre">Ardenne Abbey</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Douvres_Radar_Station" title="Battle of Douvres Radar Station">Douvres</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Martlet" title="Operation Martlet">Martlet</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Epsom" title="Operation Epsom">Epsom</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Windsor" title="Operation Windsor">Windsor</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Charnwood" title="Operation Charnwood">Charnwood</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Jupiter_(1944)" title="Operation Jupiter (1944)">Jupiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Atlantic" title="Operation Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Goodwood" title="Operation Goodwood">Goodwood</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Verri%C3%A8res_Ridge" title="Battle of Verrières Ridge">Verrières Ridge</a></li></ul>

Breakout

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Cobra</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Bluecoat" title="Operation Bluecoat">Bluecoat</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Totalize" title="Operation Totalize">Totalize</a>

<li><a href="Operation_L%C3%BCttich" title="Operation Lüttich">Lüttich</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Tractable" title="Operation Tractable">Tractable</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Chambois" title="Battle of Chambois">Chambois</a></li>

<li><a href="Falaise_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Falaise Pocket">Falaise</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_for_Brittany" title="Battle for Brittany">Britanny</a>

<ul><li><a href="Liberation_of_Rennes" title="Liberation of Rennes">Rennes</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Saint-Malo" title="Battle of Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_for_Brest" title="Battle for Brest">Brest</a></li>

<li><a href="Lorient#World_War_II" title="Lorient">Lorient</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint-Nazaire_pocket" title="Saint-Nazaire pocket">Saint-Nazaire</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Seine_River_Crossing_at_Mantes-Gassicourt" title="Seine River Crossing at Mantes-Gassicourt">Mantes-Gassicourt</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris</a></li>

<li><a href="Allied_siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Allied siege of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li></ul>

Air and Sea operations

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Ushant_(1944)" title="Battle of Ushant (1944)">Ushant</a></li>

<li><a href="RAF_raid_on_La_Caine_HQ" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF raid on La Caine HQ">La Caine</a></li>

<li><a href="Bombardment_of_Cherbourg" title="Bombardment of Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Pierres_Noires" title="Battle of Pierres Noires">Pierres Noires</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Audierne_Bay" title="Battle of Audierne Bay">Audierne Bay</a></li></ul>

Supporting operations

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Jedburgh" title="Operation Jedburgh">Jedburgh</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Dingson" title="Operation Dingson">Dingson</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Samwest" title="Operation Samwest">Samwest</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Titanic" title="Operation Titanic">Titanic</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Cooney" title="Operation Cooney">Cooney</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Bulbasket" title="Operation Bulbasket">Bulbasket</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Houndsworth" title="Operation Houndsworth">Houndsworth</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Loyton" title="Operation Loyton">Loyton</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Kipling" title="Operation Kipling">Kipling</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Operations_Wallace_and_Hardy" title="Operations Wallace and Hardy">Wallace & Hardy</a></li></ul>

<hr>

Aftermath

<ul><li><a href="List_of_military_cemeteries_in_Normandy" title="List of military cemeteries in Normandy">Cemeteries</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div>

Operation Spring (July 25–27, 1944) was an offensive operation of the <a href="Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> conducted by <a href="II_Canadian_Corps" title="II Canadian Corps">II Canadian Corps</a> during the <a href="Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">Normandy campaign</a> in 1944. The plan was intended to create pressure on the German forces operating on the British and Canadian front simultaneous with <a href="Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Operation Cobra</a>, an American offensive. Operation Spring was intended to capture Verrières Ridge and the villages on the south slope of the ridge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarymowycz200175–87-1">[1]</a> A successful German defence of the ridge contained the offensive on the first day, and inflicted many casualties on the Canadians.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

The districts of <a href="Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a> north of the Orne were captured during <a href="Operation_Charnwood" title="Operation Charnwood">Operation Charnwood</a> (8–9 July 1944) and those south of the Orne had been captured on July 19, during <a href="Operation_Goodwood" title="Operation Goodwood">Operation Goodwood</a>, in <a href="Operation_Atlantic" title="Operation Atlantic">Operation Atlantic</a> by the <a href="II_Canadian_Corps" title="II Canadian Corps">II Canadian Corps</a> (Lieutenant-General <a href="Guy_Simonds" title="Guy Simonds">Guy Simonds</a>) at a cost of 1,349 casualties. About 8 km (5.0 mi) south of Caen, Verrières Ridge blocked a direct advance by Allied forces on Falaise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBercuson200421-2">[2]</a> Attempts to take the ridge during Goodwood had been thwarted by the <a href="I_SS_Panzer_Corps" title="I SS Panzer Corps">I SS Panzer Corps</a> (General <a href="Sepp_Dietrich" title="Sepp Dietrich">Sepp Dietrich</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat2003155-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2></div>

The attack was to take place in four stages; the 2nd Canadian Division would attack on the west side of the Caen–Falaise road with the 4th and 5th Canadian Infantry brigades after the 6th Canadian Infantry Brigade had cleared the start line by retaking the Beauvoir and Troteval farms and capturing Saint-Martin-de-Fontenay. The 5th Canadian Infantry Brigade, on the right flank, would then capture <a href="May-sur-Orne" title="May-sur-Orne">May-sur-Orne</a> and <a href="Fontenay-le-Marmion" title="Fontenay-le-Marmion">Fontenay-le-Marmion</a>. The 4th Canadian Infantry Brigade, on the left flank, would take Verrières and then Rocquincourt. The 3rd Canadian Division, on the east side of the road, was to capture Tilly-la-Campagne with the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade followed by Garciers-Secqueville. The infantry brigades would have the support of the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade. Phase I of the plan required the 2nd and 3rd Canadian divisions to capture May-sur-Orne, Verrières and Tilly-la-Campagne. Phase II, to begin at H+2½ hours, required the divisions to press on and capture Fontenay-le-Marmion, Rocquancourt and Carciers-Sequeville. In phase III, the 7th Armoured Division was to capture Point 122 and exploit towards Cintheaux and in phase IV the Guards Armoured Division was required to capture woods to the east of Garciers-Secqueville as the 3rd Canadian Division occupied La Hogue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownendBaldwin2020433–434-4">[4]</a>

Artillery support was to be provided by the divisional artilleries of the participating divisions, the 2nd Canadian Army Group Royal Artillery , the <a href="8th_Army_Group_Royal_Artillery" title="8th Army Group Royal Artillery">8th Army Group Royal Artillery</a> (8th AGRA) and <a href="No._83_Expeditionary_Air_Group" title="No. 83 Expeditionary Air Group">83 Group RAF</a>. Twelve field regiments had 264 field guns, comprising a hundred and ninety-two <a href="Ordnance_QF_25-pounder" title="Ordnance QF 25-pounder">25-pounder</a> gun-howitzers and ninety-six <a href="M101_howitzer" title="M101 howitzer">105 mm howitzers</a>, nine medium regiments with a hundred and forty-four <a href="BL_5.5-inch_medium_gun" title="BL 5.5-inch medium gun">5.5-inch guns</a>, two heavy regiments with sixteen <a href="155_mm_gun_M1" title="155 mm gun M1">155 mm guns</a> and sixteen <a href="BL_7.2-inch_howitzer" title="BL 7.2-inch howitzer">7.2-inch howitzers</a> and a heavy anti-aircraft regiment with twenty-four <a href="QF_3.7-inch_AA_gun" title="QF 3.7-inch AA gun">3.7-inch anti-aircraft guns</a> in use as ground artillery, a total of 488 guns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownendBaldwin2020434-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_preparations">German preparations</h3></div>

The Germans were expecting further attacks on <a href="Bourgu%C3%A9bus" title="Bourguébus">Verrières Ridge</a> and sent reinforcements. Late on 19 July, a counter-attack against the gains made during Goodwood was delayed until the <a href="116th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="116th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">116th Panzer Division</a> had arrived, which had been ordered to move by road regardless of loss. At 10:30 p.m. the <a href="XLVII_Panzer_Corps" title="XLVII Panzer Corps">XLVII Panzer Corps</a> and the <a href="II_SS_Panzer_Corps" title="II SS Panzer Corps">II SS Panzer Corps</a> were ordered to send <a href="Kampfgruppe" title="Kampfgruppe">Kampfgruppen</a> (battlegroups) across the <a href="Orne_(river)" title="Orne (river)">Orne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinsleyThomasRansomKnight1988218-6">[6]</a> The <a href="1st_SS_Panzer_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler" title="1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler">1st SS Panzer Division</a> had its normal panzer regiment with two panzer battalions, one with Panthers, the other with Panzer IVs and two infantry regiments comprising six battalions, one of which was mounted on half-tracks. The division had a <a href="Sturmgesch%C3%BCtz_III" title="Sturmgeschütz III">Sturmgeschütz III</a> battalion and its <a href="Panzerj%C3%A4ger" title="Panzerjäger">Panzerjäger</a> battalion had a company of <a href="Jagdpanzer_IV" title="Jagdpanzer IV">Jagdpanzer IV</a> tank destroyers. The divisions were supported by the artillery of the I SS Panzer Corps, recently reinforced by the 8th <a href="Nebelwerfer" title="Nebelwerfer">Nebelwerfer</a> Brigade. The 1st SS Panzer Division was reinforced by the Füsilier Bataillon 272 of the <a href="272nd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="272nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">272nd Infantry Division</a> and the <a href="101st_SS_Heavy_Panzer_Battalion" title="101st SS Heavy Panzer Battalion">101st SS Heavy Panzer Battalion</a> an independent Tiger detachment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarymowycz199377–78-7">[7]</a>

The 272nd Infantry Division was reinforced by the reconnaissance battalion of <a href="10th_SS_Panzer_Division_Frundsberg" title="10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg">10th SS Panzer Division</a>, an infantry battalion from the <a href="9th_SS_Panzer_Division_Hohenstaufen" title="9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen">9th SS Panzer Division</a>, an armoured Kampfgruppe from the <a href="2nd_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="2nd Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">2nd Panzer Division</a> as its divisional reserve and counter-attack force and the <a href="501st_Heavy_Panzer_Battalion" title="501st Heavy Panzer Battalion">501st Heavy Panzer Battalion</a> with Tiger Is and King Tigers. The left (east) flank was protected by 10th SS Panzer Division and <a href="102nd_SS_Heavy_Panzer_Battalion" title="102nd SS Heavy Panzer Battalion">102nd SS Heavy Panzer Battalion</a> with Tiger Is, firing from the high ground west of the Orne. The operational reserve for 1st SS Panzer Korps was 9th SS Panzer Division which had two Kampfgruppen south of Verrières directly behind the 272nd Infantry Division and the 1st SS Panzer Division. Available under OKW control was the 116th Panzer Division, assembling east of <a href="Saint-Aignan-de-Cramesnil" title="Saint-Aignan-de-Cramesnil">Cramesnil</a> and the remainder of the 2nd Panzer Division, south of May-sur-Orne, astride the Orne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarymowycz199377–78-7">[7]</a> British <a href="Y_service" title="Y service">Y service</a> signals interception units discovered on 21 July that parts of the 2nd Panzer Division, the 9th SS Panzer Division and the 10th SS Panzer Division had been sent east of the Orne but the rest of the recent German moves were not known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinsleyThomasRansomKnight1988218-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960185-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phase_I">Phase I</h3></div>

On 25 July, at 03:30, the <a href="North_Nova_Scotia_Highlanders" title="North Nova Scotia Highlanders">North Nova Scotia Highlanders</a> attacked <a href="Tilly-la-Campagne" title="Tilly-la-Campagne">Tilly-la-Campagne</a>. Simonds had developed a complex lighting system using searchlights reflected off clouds, allowing the North Novas to see the German positions but this meant that the North Novas were visible to the German defenders. By 04:30, a flare was fired by the lead companies, indicating that the objective had been taken. Within the next hour, Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Petch began to move reinforcements into the village to assist with "mopping up" the last German defenders. To their west, the <a href="Royal_Hamilton_Light_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hamilton Light Infantry">Royal Hamilton Light Infantry</a> encountered determined initial opposition but managed to secure Verrières village by 05:30. At 07:50, Lieutenant-Colonel John Rockingham reported to Simonds that his battalion had dug in on the objective.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phase_II">Phase II</h3></div>

On July 25, the Calgary Highlanders attacked May-sur-Orne and Bourguébus Ridge but found that the assembly area of St Martin was still occupied by German troops. Two companies of Calgary Highlanders bypassed St Martin and reached the outskirts of May-Sur-Orne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopp1999-9">[9]</a> Radio contact was lost after that and both companies suffered many casualties. Late in the morning, the Calgary Highlanders secured St Martin and then attacked Bourguébus Ridge. After two costly attacks, the Calgary Highlanders struggled to hold onto May-Sur-Orne.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phase_III">Phase III</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Battle_of_Verri%C3%A8res_Ridge" title="Battle of Verrières Ridge">Battle of Verrières Ridge</a></div>

Phase III required careful timing, two attempts by the <a href="Essex_Scottish_Regiment" title="Essex Scottish Regiment">Essex Scottish Regiment</a> and <a href="South_Saskatchewan_Regiment" title="South Saskatchewan Regiment">South Saskatchewan Regiment</a>, had been costly failures. The tank and artillery support did not materialise and the infantry were four hours late reaching their assembly area of St Martin. The Black Watch ran into determined German resistance moving from Hill 61 to the village. When the attack began on Verrières Ridge, the infantry was fired on from three sides, the factory area south of St. Martin, Verrières Ridge and German units on the other side of the Orne. Within minutes, communications had broken down and the Black Watch lost all but 15 of its attacking soldiers. It was the bloodiest day for Canadian forces since Dieppe.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_counter-attacks">German counter-attacks</h3></div>

For several days German troops, mainly the 9th and 12th SS Panzer divisions, continued to chip away at Canadian positions gained in Operation Spring. The Calgary Highlanders eventually withdrew from May-sur-Orne and the North Nova Scotia Highlanders were forced to retreat from Tilly-la-Campagne. German forces immediately counter-attacked at Verrières village but were repulsed. Over the next two days, the RHLI fought "fanatically" to defend the ridge, defeating dozens of counter-attacks from well-placed <a href="Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">anti-tank gun</a> and machine-gun positions. On 26 July, German commanders declared "If you cross the ridge, you are a dead man" to soldiers being deployed on the southern slope of Verrières. In their holding of the village, the RHLI suffered over 200 casualties. German counter-attacks managed to force the <a href="Queen's_Own_Cameron_Highlanders_of_Canada" title="Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada">Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada</a>, Calgary Highlanders and the <a href="Black_Watch_(Royal_Highland_Regiment)_of_Canada" title="Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada">Black Watch</a> to retreat from May-sur-Orne and St Martin. The Black Watch support company and the Calgary Highlanders suffered many casualties as they were forced back from their positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarymowycz200175–87-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3></div>

<a href="Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Operation Cobra</a> began on the same day and the Germans were unsure which was the main operation. Operation Spring was taken to be the main effort for about two days, because of the importance they gave to holding ground south of Caen, before realizing that Cobra was the principal effort and transferred troops westwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2014149–150-10">[10]</a> <a href="Operation_Totalize" title="Operation Totalize">Operation Totalize</a> and <a href="Operation_Tractable" title="Operation Tractable">Operation Tractable</a> were launched in August and captured more ground against less opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuehlke2001-11">[11]</a> The Official History of the Canadian Army, refers to Spring as a "holding attack" in that it was launched with offensive objectives but also firmly with the intent to delay the redeployment of German forces westward.

<a href="Charles_Perry_Stacey" title="Charles Perry Stacey">Charles Stacey</a>, the Canadian official historian wrote,

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">This vital delay of forty-eight hours the bloodshed in Operation "Spring" had helped to purchase; though that operation certainly did no more than reinforce the already powerful effect of Operations "Goodwood" and "Atlantic". "Spring" was merely the last and not the least costly incident of the long "holding attack" which the British and Canadian forces had conducted, in accordance with Montgomery's plan, to create the opportunity for a decisive blow on the opposite flank of the bridgehead. There had been an urgent strategical need for it; and the urgency was strongly underlined in the Supreme Commander's communications to Montgomery. The opportunity had now been amply created, and the American columns, rolling southward from St. Lo, were grasping it to the full. But the heavy fighting on the Caen front was not yet over.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960195–196-12">[12]</a></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div>

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</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;">

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarymowycz200175–87-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarymowycz200175–87_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarymowycz200175–87_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJarymowycz2001">Jarymowycz 2001</a>, pp. 75–87.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBercuson200421-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBercuson200421_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBercuson2004">Bercuson 2004</a>, p. 21.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat2003155-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat2003155_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Vat2003">van der Vat 2003</a>, p. 155.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETownendBaldwin2020433–434-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETownendBaldwin2020433–434_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTownendBaldwin2020">Townend & Baldwin 2020</a>, pp. 433–434.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETownendBaldwin2020434-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETownendBaldwin2020434_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTownendBaldwin2020">Townend & Baldwin 2020</a>, p. 434.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinsleyThomasRansomKnight1988218-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinsleyThomasRansomKnight1988218_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinsleyThomasRansomKnight1988218_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHinsleyThomasRansomKnight1988">Hinsley et al. 1988</a>, p. 218.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarymowycz199377–78-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarymowycz199377–78_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarymowycz199377–78_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJarymowycz1993">Jarymowycz 1993</a>, pp. 77–78.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960185-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960185_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStaceyBond1960">Stacey & Bond 1960</a>, p. 185.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopp1999-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopp1999_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCopp1999">Copp 1999</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2014149–150-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley2014149–150_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuckley2014">Buckley 2014</a>, pp. 149–150.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuehlke2001-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuehlke2001_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZuehlke2001">Zuehlke 2001</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960195–196-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960195–196_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStaceyBond1960">Stacey & Bond 1960</a>, pp. 195–196.

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBercuson2004" class="citation book cs1">Bercuson, D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mapleleafagainst0000berc">Maple leaf Against the Axis</a>. Ottawa: Red Deer Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-88995-305-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_Buckley_(historian)" title="John Buckley (historian)">Buckley, J.</a> (2014) [2013]. Monty's Men: The British Army and the Liberation of Europe (2nd ed.). London: Yale University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-300-20534-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHinsleyThomasRansomKnight1988" class="citation book cs1">Hinsley, F. H.; Thomas, E. E.; Ransom, C. F. G.; Knight, R. C. (1988). British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations Part 2. History of the Second World War. Vol. III. London: HMSO. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-11-630940-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJarymowycz2001" class="citation book cs1">Jarymowycz, R. (2001). Tank Tactics; from Normandy to Lorraine. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-55587-950-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFStaceyBond1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Charles_Perry_Stacey" title="Charles Perry Stacey">Stacey, Colonel C. P.</a>; Bond, Major C. C. J. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/official-military-history-lineages/official-histories/book-1960-army-ww2-3.html">The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945</a>. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Vol. III (online scan ed.). Ottawa: The Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/606015967">606015967</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTownendBaldwin2020" class="citation book cs1">Townend, W.; Baldwin, F. (2020). Gunners in Normandy: The History of the Royal Artillery in North-West Europe January 1942 to August 1944 (1st ed.). Cheltenham: The History Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7509-9044-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Vat2003" class="citation book cs1">van der Vat, D. (2003). D-Day; The Greatest Invasion, A People's History. Toronto: Madison Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-55192-586-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFZuehlke2001" class="citation book cs1">Zuehlke, M. (2001). The Canadian Military Atlas. London: Stoddart. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7737-3289-6</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCopp1999" class="citation journal cs1">Copp, T. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140518174729/http://legionmagazine.com/en/1999/05/the-toll-of-verrieres-ridge/">"The Toll of Verrières Ridge"</a>. Legion Magazine (May/June 1999). Ottawa: Canvet Publications. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1209-4331">1209-4331</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legionmagazine.com/en/1999/05/the-toll-of-verrieres-ridge/">the original</a> on May 18, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2014.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJarymowycz1993" class="citation journal cs1">Jarymowycz, R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholars.wlu.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=cmh">"Der Gegenangriff vor Verrières: German Counterattacks during Operation 'Spring': 25–26 July 1944"</a>. Canadian Military History. 2 (1): 75–89. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1195-8472">1195-8472</a>. Retrieved 19 May 2014.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_2">Books</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, A.</a> (2009). D-Day: The Battle for Normandy. Viking. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-670-88703-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTout2002" class="citation book cs1">Tout, Ken (2002). Roads to Falaise: 'Cobra' and 'Goodwood' Reassessed. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7509-2822-0</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals_2">Journals</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCopp1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Terry_Copp" title="Terry Copp">Copp, T.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholars.wlu.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=cmh">"Fifth Brigade at Verrières Ridge"</a>. Canadian Military History. 1 (1–2): 45–63. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1195-8472">1195-8472</a>. Retrieved May 17, 2014.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theses">Theses</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFO'Keefe1997" class="citation thesis cs1">O'Keefe, D. R. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ26354.pdf">Bitter Harvest : A Case Study of Allied Operational Intelligence for Operation Spring Normandy, July 25, 1944</a> (PDF) (MA). Ottawa: University of Ottawa. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/654188049">654188049</a>. Retrieved 17 May 2014.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onwar.com/maps/wwii/normandy/">Maps, Normandy 1944</a></li></ul>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II25329" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="World_War_II25329" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Leaders

<ul><li><a href="Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li>

<li><a href="Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li>

<li><a href="World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li>

<li><a href="Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li>

<li><a href="Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a>

<ul><li><a href="Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li>

<li><a href="Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>

<ul><li><a href="British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li>

<li><a href="Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li>

<li><a href="Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li>

<li><a href="Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li>

<li><a href="Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a> </li>

<li><a href="Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a>

<ul><li><a href="Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li>

<li><a href="South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li>

<li><a href="South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a>

<ul><li><a href="Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a>

<ul><li><a href="North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li>

<li><a href="Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li>

<li><a href="Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li>

<li><a href="Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li>

<li><a href="Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a>

<ul><li><a href="Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_People's_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Soviet_atrocities_committed_against_prisoners_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Soviet atrocities committed against prisoners of war during World War II">Atrocities against prisoners of war</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li>

<li><a href="War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li>

<li><a href="International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li>

<li>Sexual violence

<ul><li><a href="German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li>

<li><a href="German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a>  / <a href="Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Manchuria" title="Rape during the occupation of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li>

<li><a href="Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li>

<li><a href="Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li>

<li><a href="Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="1944_Bulgarian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li>

<li><a href="Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li>

<li><a href="Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li>

<li><a href="Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li>

<li><a href="France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li>

<li><a href="Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="1944_Romanian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a>

<ul><li><a href="British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a>

<ul><li><a href="Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li>

<li><a href="State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li>

<li><a href="Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Republic of China (Wang Jingwei)</a></li>

<li><a href="Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li>

<li><a href="Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li>

<li><a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)

<ul><li><a href="Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li>

<li><a href="Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li>

<li><a href="Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li>

<li><a href="Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>

<ul><li><a href="Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li>

<li><a href="Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">French Madagascar</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria–Lebanon</a></li>

<li><a href="French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Collaboration</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>

<li><a href="Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li>

<li><a href="Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></li>

<li><a href="Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II#Saudi_Arabia" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Saudi Arabia</a></li>

<li><a href="Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li>

<li><a href="Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_Turkey#World_War_II" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Yemen#World_War_II_and_after" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li>

<li><a href="Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li>

<li><a href="Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li>

<li><a href="Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li>

<li><a href="German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>

<ul><li><a href="Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li>

<li><a href="Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li>

<li><a href="Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayan_Peoples'_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li>

<li><a href="Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Romanian resistance movement during World War II">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li>

<li>Vietnam

<li><a href="Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li>German prisoners

<ul><li><a href="German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>

<ul><li><a href="German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li>

<li><a href="German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a>

<ul><li><a href="Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li>

<li>Soviet prisoners

<ul><li><a href="Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude7712" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a>

<ul><li><a href="Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li>

<li><a href="Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a>

<ul><li><a href="Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">Remilitarisation of the Rhineland</a></li>

<li><a href="Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li>

<li><a href="Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li>

<li><a href="Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li>

<li><a href="1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li>

<li><a href="German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li>

<li><a href="Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li>

<li><a href="Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Baltic states</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li>

<li><a href="Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li>

<li><a href="Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li>

<li><a href="German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li>

<li><a href="Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a>

<ul><li><a href="Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li>

<li><a href="June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li>

<li><a href="Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li>

<li><a href="Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li>

<li><a href="Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li>

<li><a href="St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li>

<li><a href="Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a>

<ul><li><a href="Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li>

<li><a href="Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Rzhev%2C_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li>

<li><a href="Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li>

<li><a href="Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Black_May_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li>

<li><a href="Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li>

<li><a href="Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li>

<li><a href="Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li>

<li><a href="Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li>

<li><a href="Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li>

<li><a href="Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li>

<li><a href="Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li>

<li><a href="Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li>

<li><a href="Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">Battle of San Marino</a></li>

<li><a href="Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li>

<li><a href="Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li>

<li><a href="Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li>

<li><a href="Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a>

<ul><li><a href="Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_coup_d'%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li>

<li><a href="Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li>

<li><a href="Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a>

<ul><li><a href="German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li>

<li><a href="Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li>

<li><a href="Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li>

<li><a href="Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a>

<ul><li><a href="Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li>

<li><a href="Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li>

<li><a href="End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3AWorld" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li>

<li><a href="Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li>

<li>Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_articles_on_the_Battle_of_Normandy,_Western_Front,_World_War_II3299" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Primary_articles_on_the_Battle_of_Normandy,_Western_Front,_World_War_II3299" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Primary articles on the Battle of Normandy, <a href="Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a>, <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a> (overall plan)</li>

<li><a href="Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a> (assault plan)</li>

<li><a href="American_airborne_landings_in_Normandy" title="American airborne landings in Normandy">American airborne landings in Normandy</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Atlantic" title="Operation Atlantic">Atlantic</a> (Canada)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Bluecoat" title="Operation Bluecoat">Bluecoat</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Charnwood" title="Operation Charnwood">Charnwood</a> (UK and Canada)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Cobra</a> (US)</li>

<li><a href="Capture_of_the_Caen_canal_and_Orne_river_bridges" title="Capture of the Caen canal and Orne river bridges">Capture of Caen and Orne bridges</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Epsom" title="Operation Epsom">Epsom</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Fortitude" title="Operation Fortitude">Fortitude</a> (Deception plan)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Goodwood" title="Operation Goodwood">Goodwood</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Second_Battle_of_the_Odon" title="Second Battle of the Odon">Greenline, Pomegranate and Express</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Jupiter_(1944)" title="Operation Jupiter (1944)">Jupiter</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_L%C3%BCttich" title="Operation Lüttich">Lüttich</a> (German)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Mallard" title="Operation Mallard">Mallard</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Martlet" title="Operation Martlet">Martlet</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Perch" title="Operation Perch">Perch</a> (UK)</li>

<li> (Canada)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Titanic" title="Operation Titanic">Titanic</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Tonga" title="Operation Tonga">Tonga</a> (UK 6th Airborne)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Totalize" title="Operation Totalize">Totalize</a> (Canada, Poland, UK)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Tractable" title="Operation Tractable">Tractable</a> (Canada, Poland, UK)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Windsor" title="Operation Windsor">Windsor</a> (Canada)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Battle_for_Brest" title="Battle for Brest">Brest</a> (US)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Br%C3%A9ville" title="Battle of Bréville">Bréville</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_for_Caen" title="Battle for Caen">Caen</a> (UK, Canada)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Carentan" title="Battle of Carentan">Carentan</a> (US)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Chambois" title="Battle of Chambois">Chambois</a> (Canada, Poland, US)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a> (US)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Merville_Gun_Battery" title="Battle of Merville Gun Battery">Merville Battery</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Verri%C3%A8res_Ridge" title="Battle of Verrières Ridge">Verrières Ridge</a> (Canada)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Villers-Bocage" title="Battle of Villers-Bocage">Villers-Bocage</a> (UK)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Landing points (<abbr title="West">W</abbr>→<abbr title="East">E</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha</a> (US)

<ul><li><a href="Pointe_du_Hoc" title="Pointe du Hoc">Pointe du Hoc</a> (US)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno</a> (Canada)</li>

<li><a href="Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword</a> (UK)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Logistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="American logistics in the Normandy campaign">American logistics in the Normandy campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="British_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="British logistics in the Normandy campaign">British logistics in the Normandy campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Pluto" title="Operation Pluto">Pluto</a> (Pipe-Line Under The Ocean)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Chastity" title="Operation Chastity">Operation Chastity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Gun batteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amfreville_battery" title="Amfreville battery">Amfreville</a></li>

<li><a href="Azeville_battery" title="Azeville battery">Azeville</a></li>

<li><a href="Crisbecq_Battery" title="Crisbecq Battery">Crisbecq</a></li>

<li><a href="Houlgate_battery" title="Houlgate battery">Houlgate</a></li>

<li><a href="Longues-sur-Mer_battery" title="Longues-sur-Mer battery">Longues-sur-Mer</a></li>

<li><a href="Maisy_battery" title="Maisy battery">Maisy</a></li>

<li><a href="Merville_Gun_Battery" title="Merville Gun Battery">Merville</a></li>

<li><a href="Mont_Canisy_battery" title="Mont Canisy battery">Mont Canisy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Falaise_pocket" title="Falaise pocket">Falaise pocket</a></li>

<li><a href="Hillman_Fortress" title="Hillman Fortress">Hillman Fortress</a></li>

<li><a href="Pegasus_Bridge" title="Pegasus Bridge">Pegasus Bridge</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_military_cemeteries_in_Normandy" title="List of military cemeteries in Normandy">Military cemeteries in Normandy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a></li>

<li><a href="D-Day_naval_deceptions" title="D-Day naval deceptions">D-Day naval deceptions</a></li>

<li><a href="Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a></li>

<li><a href="Hobart's_Funnies" title="Hobart's Funnies">Hobart's Funnies</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhino_tank" title="Rhino tank">Rhino tank</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Allied_forces_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="List of Allied forces in the Normandy campaign">Allied forces in Normandy</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a> (France)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Operation Bodyguard</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Operation Dragoon</a> (France, UK, US)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Jedburgh" title="Operation Jedburgh">Operation Jedburgh</a> (France, UK, US)</li>

<li><a href="June_6%2C_1944%2C_order_of_the_day" title="June 6, 1944, order of the day">June 6, 1944, order of the day</a></li>

<li><a href="People_of_Western_Europe_speech" title="People of Western Europe speech">People of Western Europe speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Rommel's_asparagus" title="Rommel's asparagus">Rommel's asparagus</a></li>

<li><a href="Weather_forecasting_for_Operation_Overlord" title="Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord">Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox506" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases: National </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99013535">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007568034605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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